16183. Mechanics and Traders (New York, NY)

Bank Information

Episode Type
Run → Suspension → Closure
Bank Type
national
Start Date
January 30, 1908
Location
New York, New York (40.714, -74.006)

Metadata

Model
gpt-5-mini
Short Digest
dc365b25

Response Measures

Borrowed from banks or large institutions, Full suspension, Books examined

Other: Receiver appointed; deferred-payment plan negotiated later; clearing house called in certificates which precipitated final strain.

Description

Contemporary articles report runs on the Morse-Heinze-Thomas chain banks and that Mechanics and Traders (a state institution) experienced heavy withdrawals and then closed its doors Jan. 30, 1908; examiners/receiver were appointed and depositors later agreed to a deferred payment plan. The immediate trigger was contagion from other banks in the Morse chain and the clearing house's refusal to extend further credit.

Events (4)

1. January 30, 1908 Receivership
Newspaper Excerpt
A receiver was appointed for the Mechanics and Traders, which closed its doors January 30, 1908, leaving $6,300,000 collateral in the receiver's hands.
Source
newspapers
2. January 30, 1908 Run
Cause
Local Banks
Cause Details
Heavy withdrawals and runs driven by the collapse/distress of other banks in the Morse-Heinze-Thomas chain (New Amsterdam, National Bank of North America) and consequent loss of confidence
Measures
Some branches paid depositors promptly during the daytime; bank attempted to secure assistance and claimed ample collateral but ultimately could not meet clearing house calls
Newspaper Excerpt
Following the closing last night of the New Amsterdam National and Mechanics and Traders ... there was a run on the Oriental bank during the day
Source
newspapers
3. January 30, 1908 Suspension
Cause
Correspondent
Cause Details
Unable to take up Clearing House loan/certificates when called; clearing house authorities declined to extend further credit, precipitating closure
Newspaper Excerpt
Bank examiners have taken charge of the affairs of the New Amsterdam National and the Mechanics and Traders ... both of which closed their doors in New York the day before.
Source
newspapers
4. July 1, 1908* Other
Newspaper Excerpt
The Mechanics and Traders depositors have practically agreed to a deferred payment plan, which will be put in force when the percentage of assenting depositors is brought up to 90.
Source
newspapers

Newspaper Articles (21)

Article from The Washington Herald, October 22, 1907

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ency of clearing house banks. a There was nothing even resembling run on any of the banks which the clear ing house had declared itself ready to save. One or two of these banks, in fact. were stronger in cash at the close of business than at the beginning, having secured the repayment of loans to an amount much greater than the with drawal of deposits. In the stock market the restoration of confidence was manifested by the most active and substantial upward movement of prices that has been witnessed at any time within the past month. The clearing house made good its declaration to assist the clearing house banks in any way that the committee might consider necessary It advanced $2,000,000, giving most of this to the Mercantile National, and the balance, probably not much more than $100,000. to the New Amsterdam. The Mercantile had a debit balance of $1,903,000 at the clearing house in the morning, showing heavy withdrawals of deposits on Saturday. The debit balance of the National Bank of North America was $850,000; of the Mechanies and Traders: $430,000. and of the New Amsterdam National, $200,000. No Aid Is Needed. The Mechanics and Traders which has at no time been criticised and has maintained its reserve well above the legal requirements, was not thought of as a bank needing assistance. Its debit, balance was due, it was said, merely to the fact that the Thomases were hold-over members of the board. not to any suspicion that they had operated in the affairs of the bank The National Bank of North America started the day under the new regime with $1,400,000 in cash. Large heaps of gold were piled up OIF the counter in full view of any depositors who entered the bank. It paid its balance at the clearing house without assist ance from the clearing house banks and collected in the course of the day some $1,750,000 by the calling of loans Energetic calling of loans was suggested to the bank as preferable to reliance on the clearing house for funds. Seek to Repay Loans, The discharged directors, the Heinzes, the Thomases, and Charles W Morse, were formally eliminated from the banking institutions in accordance with the arrangement made in preceding days. There was plenty of evldence that they were doing their best to make good their promise to pay off loans in the Morse-Thomas-Heinze string of banks. Consolidated Steamship bonds were slaughtered on the curb. United Copper stock went at whatever price could be secured and there were extensive and costly bargain sales of American Ice securities, Davis Daly Copper, Nevada Utah Copper, and others of the securities promoted by the syndicate. Twenty-three hundred shares of American Ice securities, which sold above par last January, went between 15 and 20. Consolidated Steamship bonds to the par value of $1,161,000 were sold at prices ranging between 123% and 16. United Copper, 7,100 shares of it. was disposed of at prices ranging between 73/4 and 91/2, as comfared with a price of 60 only one week before There was no bid, so far as reported, for Western Ice and Morning Telegraph bonds, the Thomas specialties of 1907. To all appearances, trading in them was as dead as in General Carriage, the notorious specialty which they were interested in several years ago. Heavy Drop in Davis Daly. The Thomases were. however, credited with sales of Davis Daly Copper. This was a stock brought out by the Heinzes at the time they made their alliance with the Thomases and Mr. Morse in the Mercantile The Heinzes persuaded the Thomases that they were unearthing another Minnie Healy, and the Thomases hastened to purchase as much of it as possible at prices around 20. To-day there was sold 4,500 shares of it at prices ranging between 31-2 and 41-8, In return for the tip on Davis Daly, it was said, the Thomases tipped the Heinzes off to Western Ice, and blocks of that stock are accordingly supposed to be in the collection of the Heinzes' indigestible securities. Twenty-five banks, it was learned, cooperated in extending assistance to the banks needing it. Their advances were voluntary and were separate from all clearing-house transactions The clearing-house committee met early in the morning, while the clearances were in progress, and an extended conference was held after the close of bank ing hours. Further meetings will be held daily until the situation is entirely clarified. Some of the loans of the MorseThomas-Heinze interests in the Mercan tile National were paid to-day. More, It is expected, will be paid to-morrow, when collections will be made on the securities sold to-day. No estimate of the aggregate amount of these loans in the various banks was given out by the clearing house committee to-day, but it was reported that the Heinze loans alone in the Mercantile aggregated $2,000,000. An estimate of the Morse.loans it was said, was impossible, for the reason that they are scattered all over the country, with bank stocks and other securities as collateral State Head of Banks Quits. Albany, Oct. 21.-Luther W. Mott, of Oswego, who was recently appointed State superintendent of banks by Gov. Hughes, resigned to-day, giving ill-health as his reason. It is understood, however, that Mr. Mott had recently been looking into the banking situation in New York City and became greatly discouraged by the outlook. It is understood that in his present state of health he regarded the work involved as too arduous for him to undertake. Canture Runawar Boy


Article from The Montgomery Advertiser, January 31, 1908

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ANOTHER BANK RUN ORIENTAL BANK PASSES THROUGH A TRYING DAY. It is Believed That the Institution Will Open its Doors Again Today -Receiver for New Amsterdam. New York, Jan. 30.-President Hugh Kelly, of the Oriental Bank, a State institution, which withstood a run today, gave out a statement later tonight that he believed the bank would open tomorrow for business. A meeting of the directors will be held early tomorrow morning, he added, at which the question of opening will be definitely determined. The announcement was made after a" meeting of the President and several directors of the Oriental Bank at the former's home. Following the closing last night of the New Amsterdam National and Mechanics and Traders, a State bank, there was a run on the Oriental Bank during the day which it. successfully withstood. All depositors were paid promptly during the day and it was given out at the close that the bank would be able to secure all the assistance necessary to tide It over the run. as it was understood that friends of President Kelly had come to his aid with $1,000,000 and that he would be able to secure further assistance If needed from the clearing house. Bank Examiner Charles A. Hanna, temporary receiver of the National Bank of North America, was today appointed temporary receiver of the New Amsterdam National Bank of New York. John G. Hemrich, Vice-President of the New Amsterdam Bank, the suspension of which was announced last night, said today that every depositor will be paid dollar for dollar. "We have ample means and are thoroughly solvent," said Mr. Hemrich. "There are upwards of 6,000 depositors to be paid, and all will get every dollar of their deposits."


Article from The Birmingham Age-Herald, January 31, 1908

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ANOTHER NEW YORK BANK IN TROUBLE RUN IS MADE ON THE ORIENTAL BANK, A STATE INSTITUTION, AND THE PRESIDENT HOPES TO WEATHER THE STORM. New York, January 30.-President Hugh Kelly of the Oriental bank, a state institution, which withstood a run today. gave out a statement tonight that he believed the bank would open tomorrow for business. A meeting of the directors will be held early tomorrow morning, he added, at which the question of opening will be definitely determined. The announcement was made after a meeting of the president and several of the directors of the Oriental bank at the former's home. Following the closing last night of the New Amsterdam National, and the Mechanics and Traders, a state bank, there was a run on the Oriental bank during the day, which it successfully withstood. All depositors were paid promptly during the day and it was given out at the close that the bank would be able to secure all the assistance necessary to tide it over the run, as it was understood that friends of President Kelly had come to his aid with $1,000,000, and that he would be able to secure further assistance if needed from the clearing house. Just before midnight President Kelly said: "I am unable to state tonight other than my personal belief, which is that I think the bank will open tomorrow morning for business, but the meeting of the directors of the banking house will decide the matter one way or the other. Much will depend on the bank's clearing house debit tomorrow morning." Several depositors who had not been paid off at the close of the banking hours today had representatives waiting in line outside the bank's doors throughout the night tonight to keep their places for them. The temperature hovered around 5 degrees above zero and the waiters suffered severely from the cold. The Oriental bank is a state institution, capitalized at $750,000 and previous to the panic last fall carried individual deposits of $7,159,000, but this has been largely reduced during and since the panic.


Article from The Cairo Bulletin, January 31, 1908

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FRIENDS COME TO BANK'S AID NEW YORK INSTITUTION WITH. STOOD CONTINUOUS RUN YESTERDAY. TO OPEN AGAIN TODAY Men Stand in Cold All Night Waiting Chance to Withdraw DepositsBank Expected to Pay in Full. New York, Jan. 30-President Hugh Kelley of the Oriental Bank, a state institution, which withstood a run to day, gave out a statement about mid night tonight that he believed the bank would open tomorrow for huslness. A meeting of directors will be held tomorrow morning, he added, at which the question of opening would be definitely determined. Following the closing last night of the New Amsterdam National and Me chanies and Traders, a state bank. there was a run on the Oriental today, which it successfully withstood. All depositors were paid promptly and it was given out at the close that the bank would be able to secure all assistance necessary to tide it over the run, as it was understood that the friends of Kelley had come to hit aid with $1,000,000 and that he would be able to secure further assistance if needed, from the clearing house. Several depositors who had not been paid off at the close of banking hours had representatives waiting in line outside the bank's deors throughout the night to keep their places for them. The temperature hovered around : degrees above zero and the waiters suffered severely from the cold. The Oriental bank is a state institution capitalized at $750,000 and previous to the panie last fall, carried individual deposits of $7,519,000, but this was largely reduced during and since the panic,


Article from The Sun, January 31, 1908

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Mr. Sullivan furnished a list of this collateral. showing it to consist of 4,000 DavisDaly. 4,000 Butte Coalition, 11,300 United Copper, 1,000 American Ice Securities. 700 Italian American Trust. 402 Mercantile National Bank. 821 Hamilton Bank and 100,000 Ohio Copper bonds. Mr. Sullivan estimated this collateral to be worth at that time $115,130. as against his loan of $365,818. Some of these stocks for which there are any quotations have declined since then while some have gone up. Some of the collateral. Receiver White said, seemed to be without market value. Mr. Sullivan. who was a director of the Hamilton Bank had paper in that bank at the time. of which he was either the maker. indorser or guarantor, of the face value of $125,000. Just when the loan of $220,000 to Mr. Thomas was made is not known exactly, but it is said to have been about the time of the Heinze loan. In regard to this loan one of the officers at the bank said yesterApp "Mr. Thomas's loan is secured by collateral that will pay it twice over. It is in no way responsible for our trouble with the Clearing House." An attempt was made last week on the part of some of Mr. Thomas's creditors to effect an arrangement for the liquidation in a friendly manner of some of his obligations, through means of trustees. one of those named being Miles M. O'Brien. Mr. Thomas's mother was said to have promised some assistance. The plan is said to have fallen through. The officer of the Mechanics and Traders who spoke of the Thomas loan said that the bank had not taken part in those negotiations. Western Ice securities have formed a large part of the collateral of Thomas loans that have come to light. There is $50.000 of funds belonging to the State in the Mechanics and Traders. This amount is secured by canal improvement bonds on file at the office of the State Treasurer, and it was said there yesterday that the State would not lose a dollar. Some months ago the bank had nearly $400,000 of State funds, but, Treasurer Hauser has been steadily reducing this amount. eing eur to euo "uosphe iD 'V was put in charge yesterday of the main bank at Broadway and Prince street. Supt. Williams got examiners enough together to put one in almost every branch simultaneously The last examination made by the department was in October. It was found then that there were loans outstanding to directors amounting to nearly $1,000,000, but apparently these were explained satisfactorily. Mr. Williams did not care to comment yester !ay on the loan account of the bank. According to the last statement of the bank's condition, made on December 19. it had deposits then of $10,640,000, as comrared with derosits of $18,895,200 on August 22 last. There has been something of a run on all of the branches since December 19. The statement attributed to the bank officers that the institution had $6,000,000 of gilt edged collateral up for the $1,900,000 Clearing House certificates outstanding was disputed by an officer of the Clearing House yester day "The value of securities." said one of the bankers who examined the Mechanics and Traders offerings at the time of the panic, "is their sale value. The securities of this bank were accepted at the time with knowledge that a forced sale of them might not bring the $2,000,000 loan pledged embaj 01 earn you U.S.A. 41 them. executs too closely into the affairs of supplicant banks. We gave them money on what they offered for the sole purpose of protecting the general public. Otherwise JOAO conserved ] the ng you елем One effects pla 41 Ind 04 Deferebble sem 7! ano uI, $2,000,000 on securities of the face value of $8,000,000, giving R. margin in favor of sound banking, rather than to have the condition reverse or minimized. But it must be remembered that the loan was made three months ago. We would have been glad -ew the eary on our AUT 16 chanics and Traders men recall their securities and DAY off the Joan. "The validity of many of these securities 1,upip AI Juge em Jean sip SUM know. The bank had more than a dozen bran hes and in all of these branches were loans on mercantile pa er. The managers of the branches undoubtedly knew the 00 le to whom they were lending the monev. The Clearing House reo le did not, for many of them were men without general commercial rating." Concerning the a tion of the Clearing House in demanding that the bank take un its Clearing House certificates a Clearing House official said: "However the bank officers may feel eq use Money nys 81 forej the ' I! 11 are bt lined again now and it did not seem 04 iyano compuoo poor ug queq B the these dn Juice of effort 180.15 AUR have certificates. The bank was notified last Tuesday that it must take un its certificates. The bank officers tried to get help on Wednesday, but there a eared to be an unwillingness to give any more help until there had been un examination. This was the statement made by the bank on De ember 19, as comp ared with the euo snowerd RESOURCES


Article from The Sun, January 31, 1908

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TAG END OF MONEY PANIC. This Week's Bank Developments Due to Nothing New. This week's bank troubles are regarded by the financial community as mere tag ends of the October panic. The banks concerned hold the only Clearing House loan certificates remaining out. Clark Williams, Superintendent of the State Banking Department, said yesterday: "The general condition of banking institutions in this city is good and weakness developed only in special instances. The public should not be deceived by the idea that the closing of the New Amsterdam and Mechanics and Traders banks is a revival of the October panic. This development is simply a part of that trouble and has been anticipated for some time. There is no occasion for any feeling of unrest about the general financial situation."


Article from Wood County Reporter, February 6, 1908

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NEW YORK BANKS FAIL. New Amsterdam National and the Mechanics and Traders Are Hit. Bank examiners have taken charge of the affairs of the New Amsterdam National and the Mechanics and Traders'. a State institution. both of which closed their doors in New York the day before. These banks were in the Morse-HeinzeThomas chain, and after the closing of the National of North America a few days ago, there had been runs upon them. Both were unable to take up their allotment of the certificates which the clearing house issued during the stringency beginning in October, and when the renewed drain upon their resources began the clearing house authorities declined to extend their credit. Although the closing was expected among the bankers and wellinformed men in the financial world it found many of the depositors unprepared and caused them inconvenience. As a result several other banks not in the important class met with heavy withdrawals of deposits. One of these was the Oriental, where a rush began as soon as the office was opened for business. Depositors were paid promptly.


Article from Wausau Pilot, February 11, 1908

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NEW YORK BANKS FAIL. New Amsterdam National and the Mechanics and Traders Are Kit. Bank examiners have taken charge of the affairs of the New Amsterdam National and the Mechanics and Traders'. a State, institution, both of which closed their doors in New York the day before. These banks were in the Morse-HeinzeThomas chain, and after the closing of the National of North America a few days ago, there had been runs upon them. Both were unable to take up their allotment of the certificates which the clearing house issued during the stringency beginning in October, and when the renewed drain upon their resources began the clearing house authorities declined to extend their credit. Although the closing was expected among the bankers and wellinformed men in the financial world it found many of the depositors unprepared and caused them inconvenience. As a result several other banks not in the important class met with heavy withdrawals of deposits. One of these was the Oriental, where a rush began as soon as the office was opened for business. Depositors were paid promptly.


Article from The Julesburg Grit-Advocate, July 3, 1908

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Splendid Recovery of Banks Forced to Close by Panic 1 New York. June 30.-Eight months t after the passing of the financial troubles of last fall, the depositors of the dozen bank and trust companies which closed their doors have received their money at least in part, or in the case of the few which have not yet reopened or have gone into liquidation are about to receive it. The Hamilton bank, which was one of the first of the institutions in which the attorney general's department intervened to reopen, has already anticipated all of its deferred payments, which under the orginal plan were to have extended into November. The Knickerbocker Trust company, e which was the largest of the suspended institutions and reopened like 1 most of the others under a deferred payment plan, anticipated the first two deferred payments on June 1, paying then 10 per cent, of which one-half, under the orginal plan, would not have been paid until September. The Oriental bank, which was one of the four to close its doors in February, paid its depositors in full preliminary to liquidation. Of the other three which then suspended, the receiver of the National Bank of North America has paid depositors 50 per 1 dent in dividends and the receiver of the New Amsterdam National has paid 25 per cent. The Mechanics and Traders depositors have practically agreed to a de1 ferred payment plan, which will be put in force when the percentage of assenting depositors is brought up to 90. Of the Brooklyn banks which closed, the Jenkins Trust company, reorganized under the name of the Lafayette Trust company, has anticipated payments; The Borough bank and the Home bank have reopened, and the Brooklyn bank and the International Trust company have reorganized.


Article from The Lee County Journal, July 10, 1908

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ALL TO GET THEIR MONEY. Depositors in New York Banks Are Being Paid. New York City-Eight months after the passage of the financial troubles of last fall, the depositors of the dozen banks and trust companies which closed their doors have received their money at least in part, or in the case of the few which have not yet reopened or have gone into liquidation are about to receive it. The Hamilton bank, which was one of the first of the institutions in which the attorney-general's departmeent in tervened. to reopen, has already anticipated all of its deferred payments which under the original plan were to have extended into November. The Knickerbocker Trust company, which was the largest of the suspended institutions, and reopened like most of the others under a deferred payment plan, anticipated the first two deferred payments on June 1, paying 10 per cent, of which onehalf, under the original plan, would not have been paid until September. The Oriental bank, which was one of the four to close its doors in February, paid its depositors in full preliminary to liquidation. Of the other three which then suspended, the receiver of the National Bank of North America has paid depositors 50 per cent in dividends, and the receiver of the New Amsterdam National has paid 25 per cent. The Mechanics and Traders depositors have practically agreed to a deferred payment plan, which will be put in force when the percentage of assenting depositors is brought up to 90. Of the Brooklyn banks which closed, the Jenkins Trust company, reorganized under the name of the Lafayette Trust company, has anticipated payments; the Borough bank and the Home bank have reopened and the Brooklyn bank and the International Trust company have reorganized.


Article from The Evening World, June 7, 1912

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small bank uptown would fit him to say that 60 per cent. of the out of town checks are on the so-called discretionary points? A. Yes; he is a student of banking. Q. Did you make this statement just now because you thought the facts printed In The World would hurt the Clearing House? A. No. I don't think the Clearing House can be hurt. Mr. Untermeyer raised his eyebrows. "You don't think," he asked, "that It is in the power of any one to hurt the Clearing House?" "Not by the statements published," replied Mr. Sherer. Q. But do you say that if this Clearing Mouse is levying an excessive and outrageous tribute upon the American people that the law cannot stop it-that the law cannot forbid such oppression and injustice? A. on, yes, if it is oppressive and unjust. Q. Have you talked with any member of the Clearing House Committee since you testified yesterday? A. With Mr. Vanderlip. Q. He was very much disturbed, was he not, and wanted you to "correct" what he considered a most unfortunate admission? A. No. but he suggested that I have it revised. I had made up my mind to do that anyway. ASKS ABOUT MORAL ASPECT OF THE RULE. Mr. Untermyer wanted to know how Mr. Sherer regarded the legal and moral aspects of the Clearing House banks being bound by the minimum collection charges rule. "What better right have the banks to do this than for manufacturers to get together and fix a price for their products?" asked Mr. Untermyer. "Well," said Mr. Sherer, "the charge is for a service. Carpenters, plumbers, and others have a moral as well as legal right to organize and fix a minimum price for their services. Any class rendering a service has that right." There was a laugh as Mr. Untermyer exclaimed: "Oh, then you want to pass under the labor union rule?" Q. What greater right have the banks to do what they are doing then railroads would have to fix a minimum charge for their services? A. The railroad has the grant of eminent domain -can run right through my home If It sees fit. It lays Its tracks over several States. It has privileges granted to It by the public and owes the public certain duties in return. Q. Are they not under the control of the national Government? A. But in very different ways. 1 Q. Both are engaged in interstate commerce? A. I could not say that. Q. Both are instruments of Interstate commerce? A. Yes. Mr. Sherer was questioned at length about the Clearing House certificates issued during the 1907 panic. He said the total was $101,060,000. In an effort to show how the withdrawal of Clearing House support could close the doors of a bank, Mr. Untermyer displayed a copy of a letter sent to four banks late in January, 1908, requiring them to withdraw their Clearing House "panic" certificates by Feb. 6 following. The four banks were the Oriental, the Mechanics and Traders, the National of North America and the New Amsterdam.


Article from Northern Wisconsin Advertiser, June 14, 1912

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SOUND BANKS WERE FORCED TO CLOSE Clearing House Denied Help at Critical Times. RESULTED IN KELLY'S DEATH "Money Trust" Investigation Develops Tragedy of "High Finance" and Cause of Failure of Four Big Institutions. New York, June 10.-Testimony on Friday intended to show how the power of the New York clearing house committee was used to force a solvent bank to the wall during the aftermath of the panic of 1907, with the result that the "fair reputation" of its president was "blasted," was presented dramatically before the Pujo committee of the house of representatives which is investigating the so-called money trust. Witnesses told how Hugh Kelly, after being induced by members of the clearing house to assume the presidency of the Oriental bank, was denied help at a critical time, the bank being forced to suspend. This, it is declared by friends, was the direct cause of the death of Mr. Kelly eight months later. R. W. Jones, himself broken in health, produced a letter soon after he had been called to the witness stand by Samuel Untermyer, counsel to the committee. Mr. Jones was president of the Oriental bank when the financial cyclone of 1907 swept over New York. According to his testimony and that of Erskine Hewitt, son of the late Abraham Hewitt, and Charles K. Beekman, both of whom were directors of the ill-fated bank-Mr. Hewitt also being its counsel-the clearing house committee of.the New York Clearing House association, prescribed conditions for the conduct of the Oriental bank which made it impossible for it to survive. And so it was driven to the wall, although as shown by its assets, it was perfectly solvent. Their statements indicate that as soon as President Jones met one requirement made by the clearing house committee that organization would prescribe a new one, until finally it Issued its ultimatum that nothing would be done to aid the Oriental unless Jones resigned the presidency and was succeeded by Hugh Kelly. The Oriental was one of the oldest banks in New York and was a charter member of the clearing house. The two Morse banks-the National of North America and the New Amsterdam-and the Mechanics and Traders went down to ruin with the Oriental. The Brooklyn bank and the Borough bank of Brooklyn had closed previously when the Oriental was ordered to cease clearing for them. Mr. Kelly accepted the presidency under protest and only after he had been solemnly assured, according to the sworn testimony of the witnesses mentioned, that the clearing house would stick to the Oriental "to the last ditch." This stern demand was made by the clearing house committee in the latter part of October, 1907, when President Jones lay unconscious and struggling for his life from an attack of pneumonia at his home. Soon after Mr. Kelly reluctantly assumed the Oriental's presidency he and the board of directors took advantage of the privileges extended to all members of the clearing house in that crisis to borrow clearing house certificates. The amount was $1,750,000 which was secured by quick assets of $3,600,000. On January 25, 1908, according to the testimony of all three witnesses the Oriental bank, as did also the two Morse banks and the Mechanics and Traders, received word from the clearing house committee to return the clearing house certificates not later than February 6. News of the calling of these certificates was published in some of the newspapers the next day. Then the fierce tornado broke afresh over the four financial institutions and they went down three months after Mr. Kelly had assumed control of the Oriental. Mr. Kelly died of a broken heart eight months later.


Article from The Watertown Weekly Leader, June 14, 1912

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SOUND BANKS WERE FORCED TO CLOSE Clearing House Denied Help at Critical Times. RESULTED IN KELLY'S DEATH "Money Trust" Investigation Develops Tragedy of "High Finance" and Cause of Failure of Four Big Institutions. New York, June 10.-Testimony on Friday intended to show how the power of the New York clearing house committee was used to force a solvent bank to the wall during the aftermath of the panic of 1907, with the result that the "fair reputation" of its president was "blasted," was presented dramatically before the Pujo committee of the house of representatives which is investigating the so-called money trust. Witnesses told how Hugh Kelly, after being induced by members of the clearing house to assume the presidency of the Oriental bank, was denied help at a critical time, the bank being forced to suspend. This, it is declared by friends, was the direct cause of the death of Mr. Kelly eight months later. R. W. Jones, himself broken in health, produced a letter soon after he had been called to the witness stand by Samuel Untermyer, counsel to the committee. Mr. Jones was president of the Oriental bank when the financial cyclone of 1907 swept over New York. According to his testimony and that of Erskine Hewitt, son of the late Abraham Hewitt, and Charles K. Beekman, both of whom were directors of the ill-fated bank-Mr. Hewitt also being its counsel-the clearing house committee of the New York Clearing House association, prescribed conditions for the conduct of the Oriental bank which made it impossible for it to survive. And SO it was driven to the wall, although as shown by its assets, it was perfectly solvent. Their statements indicate that as soon as President Jones met one requirement made by the clearing house committee that organization would prescribe a new one, until finally it issued its ultimatum that nothing would be done to aid the Oriental unless Jones resigned the presidency and was succeeded by Hugh Kelly. The Oriental was one of the oldest banks in New York and was a charter member of the clearing house. The two Morse banks-the National of North America and the New Amsterdam-and the Mechanics and Traders went down to ruin with the Oriental. The Brooklyn bank and the Borough bank of Brooklyn had closed previously when the Oriental was ordered to cease clearing for them. Mr. Kelly accepted the presidency under protest and only after he had been solemnly assured, according to the sworn testimony of the witnesses mentioned, that the clearing house would stick to the Oriental "to the last ditch." This stern demand was made by the clearing house committee in the latter part of October, 1907, when President Jones lay unconscious and struggling for his life from an attack of pneumonia at his home. Soon after Mr. Kelly reluctantly assumed the Oriental's presidency he and the board of directors took advantage of the privilegez extended to all members of the clearing house in that crisis to borrow clearing house certificates. The amount was $1,750,000 which was secured by quick assets of $3,600,000. On January 25, 1908, according to the testimony of all three witnesses the Oriental bank, as did also the two Morse banks and the Mechanics and Traders, received word from the clearing house committee to return the clearing house certificates not later than February 6. News of the calling of these certificates was published in some of the newspapers the next day. Then the fierce tornado broke afresh over the four financial institutions and they went down


Article from Manchester Democrat, September 25, 1912

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WILL CALL MORGAN SUBPOENAS FOR EIGHT OTHERS TO APPEAR BEFORE SENATE IN MONEY QUIZ. ROCKEFELLER TO BE CALLED Testimony of Charles W. Morse Expected to Be Most Sensational Heard Regarding Operation of Alleged Wall Street Trust. New York, Sept. 20.-J. Pierpont Morgan and Charles W. Morse will be among the first witnesses called in the money trust investigation, to be resumed by the house committee on banking and currency in this city about the middle of November. This was learned from officials of the committee on Wednesday. Deputy Sergeant-at-Arms White of the house of representatives is supposed to have served these two and several other financiers with subpoenas. It is known, however, that he has subpoenas for Messrs. Morgan and Morse, and also for William Reckefeller, James Stillman, Thomas F. Ryan, George F. Baker, president of the First National bank; Otto T. Bannard, president of the New York Trust company; William Nash and Walter E. Frew, respectively chairman of the board and president of the Corn Exchange bank. The two latter are made subject to the jurisdiction of the committee by reason of their service on the clearing house committee. Mr. Nash was a member of that all-powerful organization in 1907, when the committee took charge of the financial situation during the panic, and has been charged by witnesses heretofore examined in the money trust investigation with participating in conferences that preceded the closing of the old Oriental National bank, which so quickly was followed by the collapse of what were known as the Morse banks-the National of North America, the New Amsterdam and the Mechanics and Traders. Mr. Frew is now a member of the clearing house committee. William Rockefeller could not be served with a subpoena when the committee was holding its sessions last spring. At that time it was charged that he had suddenly gone to Canada to evade service. His health then was not good. It is reported that he has sufficiently recovered to be able to stand the ordeal of an examination by Samuel Untermyer, chief counsel of the congressional committee. J. P. Morgan went to Europe before he could be served with a subpoena, and returned only a few weeks ago. Maj. E. H. Farrar, leader of the New Orleans bar and recently president of the American Bar association, is associated with Mr. Untermyer as counsel. Major Farrar has been in New York for the last two weeks collaborating with Mr. Untermyer in the work of preparation for the resumption of the investigation after the election in November. Charles W. Morse is expected to relate a more sensational story regarding the operations of the alleged money trust than has yet been told by witnesses already examined as to the cause of the failure of the Oriental and Morse banks, in spite of the absolute solvency of all of the institutions.


Article from The Greenville Journal, September 26, 1912

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PROBE MONEY TRUST HOUSE COMMITTEE INVESTIGATION TO BE THOROUGH. Charles W. Morse and J. Pierpont Morgan Among Prominent Men Men to Be Called. New York, Sept. 20.-Among the first witnesses to be called in the money trust investigation, to be resumed by the house committee on banking and currency in this city about the middle of November, will be J. Pierpont Morgan and Charles W. Morse. This was learned from officials of the committee. Deputy Ser geant-at-Arms White of the house of representatives is supposed to have served these two and several other financiers with subpoenas. It is known, however, that he has subpoenas for Messrs. Morgan and Morse, and also for William Rockefeller, James Stillman, Thomas F. Ryan, George F. Baker, president of the First National bank; Otto T. Bannard, president of the New York Trust company; William Nash and Walter R. Frew, respectively chairman of the board and president of the Corn Exchange bank. The two latter are made subject to the jurisdiction of the committee by reason of their service on the clearing house committee. Mr. Nash was a member of that all-powerful organization in 1907, when the committee took charge of the financial situation during the panic, and has been charged by witnesses heretofore examined in the money trust investigation with participating in conférences that preceded the closing of the old Oriental National bank, which so quickly was followed by the collapse of what were known as the Morse banks-the National of North America, the New Amsterdam and the Mechanics and Traders. Mr. Frew is now a member of the clearing house committee.


Article from River Falls Journal, September 26, 1912

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PROBE MONEY TRUST HOUSE COMMITTEE INVESTIGATION TO BE THOROUGH. Charles W. Morse and J. Pierpont Morgan Among Prominent Men Men to Be Called. New York, Sept. 20.-Among the first witnesses to be called in the money trust investigation, to be resumed by the house committee on banking and currency in this city about the middle of November, will be J. Pierpont Morgan and Charles W. Morse. This was learned from officials of the committee. Deputy Ser geant-at-Arms White of the house of representatives is supposed to have served these two and several other financiers with subpoenas. It is known, however, that he has subpoenas for Messrs. Morgan and Morse, and also for William Rockefeller, James Stillman, Thomas F. Ryan, George F. Baker, president of the First National bank; Otto T. Bannard, president of the New York Trust company; William Nash and Walter R. Frew, respectively chairman of the board and president of the Corn Exchange bank. The two latter are made subject to the jurisdiction of the committee by reason of their service on the clearing house committee. Mr. Nash was a member of that all-powerful organization in 1907, when the committee took charge of the financial situation during the panic, and has been charged by witnesses heretofore examined in the money trust investigation with participating in conferences that preceded the closing of the old Oriental National bank, which so quickly was followed by the collapse of what were known as the Morse banks-the National of North America, the New Amsterdam and the Mechanics and Traders. Mr. Frew is now a member of the clearing house committee.


Article from The Progressive West Virginian, September 26, 1912

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PROBE MONEY TRUST HOUSE COMMITTEE INVESTIGATION TO BE THOROUGH. Charles W. Morse and J. Pierpont Morgan Among Prominent Men Men to Be Called. New York, Sept. 20.-Among the first witnesses to be called in the money trust investigation, to be resumed by the house committee on banking and currency in this city about the middle of November, will be J. Pierpont Morgan and Charles W. Morse. This was learned from officials of the committee. Deputy Ser geant-at-Arms White of the house of representatives is supposed to have served these two and several other financiers with subpoenas. It is known, however, that he has subpoenas for Messrs. Morgan and Morse, and also for William Rockefeller, James Stillman, Thomas F. Ryan, George F. Baker, president of the First National bank; Otto T. Bannard, president of the New York Trust company; William Nash and Walter R. Frew, respectively chairman of the board and president of the Corn Exchange bank. The two latter are made subject to the jurisdiction of the committee by reason of their service on the clearing house committee. Mr. Nash was a member of that all-powerful organization in 1907, when the committee took charge of the financial situation during the panic, and has been charged by witnesses heretofore examined in the money trust investigation with participating in conferences that preceded the closing of the old Oriental National bank, which so quickly was followed by the collapse of what were known as the Morse banks-the National of North America, the New Amsterdam and the Mechanics and Traders. Mr. Frew is now a member of the clearing house committee.


Article from Dakota Farmers' Leader, September 27, 1912

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PROBE MONEY TRUST HOUSE COMMITTEE INVESTIGA TION TO BE THOROUGH. Charles W. Morse and J. Pierpont Morgan Among Prominent Men Men to Be Called. New York, Sept. 20.-Among the first witnesses to be called in the money trust investigation, to be resumed by the house committee on banking and currency in this city about the middle of November, will be J. Pierpont Morgan and Charles W. Morse. This was learned from officials of the committee. Deputy Set geant-at-Arms White of the house of representatives is supposed to have served these two and several other financiers with subpoenas. It is known, however, that he has subpoenas for Messrs. Morgan and Morse, and also for William Rockefeller, James Stillman, Thomas F. Ryan, George F. Baker, president of the First National bank; Otto T. Bannard, president of the New York Trust company; William Nash and Walter R. Frew, respectively chairman of the board and president of the Corn Exchange bank. The two latter are made subject to the jurisdiction of the committee by reason of their service on the clearing house committee. Mr. Nash was a member of that all-powerful organization in 1907, when the committee took charge of the financial situation during the panic, and has been charged by witnesses heretofore examined in the money trust investigation with participating in conferences that preceded the closing of the old Oriental National bank, which so quickly was followed by the collapse of what were known as the Morse banks-the National of North America, the New Amsterdam and the Mechanics and Traders. Mr. Frew is now a member of the clearing house committee.


Article from Santa Fe New Mexican, December 10, 1912

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e ed entirely by the trustees. "The elimination of the Mechanics and Traders removed a competitor for your bank?" "Yes." "Don't you think that is an illustration of the need of some control over the power of the clearing house in such a crisis," said Mr. Untermyer. Mr. Frew objected to any inference that there had been any ulterior motive in the handling of the clearing house loan. Mr. Untermyer disavowed any such imputation. Mr. Untermyer took up the attitude of the New York clearing house committee toward the banks that went to the wall during the 1907 panic. Mr. Frew said the Mechanics & Traders bank was advanced 2,100,000 by the clearing house committee. He was on the loan committee he said and his partner in the Corn Exchange bank was on the special committee of five which handled the matters of the clearing house during the panic. A receiver was appointed for the Mechanics and Traders, which closed its doors January 30, 1908, leaving $6, 300,000 in collateral in the receiver's hands.


Article from The Chronicle=news, December 10, 1912

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TRACE " "MORGAN INFLUENCE IN MONEY INVESTIGATION 600 by the clearing house committee Washington Dec. The MorHe was on the loan committee himgan influence," in New York bankself and his partner in the Corn Exing formed the basis for most of the change bank was on the special comday's session of the house money mittee of five which handled the trust investigating committee Waltmatters of the clearing house during er E. Frew, a banker and president the panic. A receiver was appointed of the New York Clearing House asfor the Mechanics and Traders which sociation was under fire of questions closed its doors January 30. 1908, by Sanuel Untermeyer, the commitleaving $6,300,000 collateral in the tee's attorney, who sought in vain to receiver's hands. get Mr. Frew to admit that the phe"The elimination of the Mechanics nomenal rise of the bankers' trust and Traders removed a competitor company deposits-from $5,000.000 for your bank? in 1903 to $168,000,000 at the pres"Yea." ent time- due to the influence of J. P. Morgan and company. "Don't you think that Is an Illustration of the need of some control Mr. Frew did not know just what over the power of the clearing house was meant by a "Morgan instituin such a crisis," asked Mr. Untertion. He admitted, however, that meyer. the three men who held a voting Mr Frew objected to any infertrust that rules the bankers' trust ence that there had been any ultercompany were associated with Mr. for motive in the handling of the Morgan. clearing house loan. Mr. Untermeyer Mr. Untemeyer endeavored to disavowed any such imputation. bring out that the merger of the


Article from Albuquerque Evening Herald, December 10, 1912

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MORGAN INFLUENCE IN NEW YORK CLEARING HOUSE Money Trust Investigation De voted to Inquiry Into ,J. Pierpont's Power Over Banks of Wall Street. was PHENOMENAL RISE IN TRUST CO. DEPOSITS (By Leased Wire to Eventas Horald? Washington, Dec. 10.-""The More influence" in New York banking formed the basis for most of the day's session of the house money trust investigating committee. Waiter E. Frew a banker and president of the New York Clearing House association, was under 11 fire of questions by Samnet Untermyer, the committee's attor. ney, who sought in valia to get Mr. Frew to admit that the phenomonal rise of the Bankers Trust company deposits-from $5,000,000 in 1908 to $168,000,000 at the present time was due to the influence of J. P. Morgan and company. Mr. Frew did not know just what was meant by a "Morgan institution." He admitted, however, that the three men who hold a voting trust that rules the Bankers Trust company. were am sociated with Mr. Morgan. Mr. Untermyer endeavored to bring out that the merger of the Mercantile Trust company which was controlled by tito Equitable Life Amountance company. with the Bankers company and which added materially to the dépos118 of the latter was /brought about through the 'Morgan influence." Mr. Frew, although a director of the Bangers company, said he know noth. ing of the nogotiations, which were conducted entirely by the trusthes. Mr. Untermeyer took up the, attitide of the New York Clearing House committee, toward the banks that went to the wall during the 1907 pante. Mr. Frow said the Mechanics" and Triulera $2,900,000 by the clearing house committee. He was on the loan committee, himself. and his partner in the Corn Exchange bank. was one of the special committee of five which handled the matters of the Hearing house during the panic. A 11 prointed for the Mechantes and Traders which closed its doors, January 30. 1908, leaving $6,300,000 in collateral In the receiver's hands. The elimination of the Mechanics' and Traders' removed a competitor for your bank? Yes. Don't you think that is an illustration of the need or some control over the power of the clearing house such ked Mr. Untermyer Mr. Frow objected to any inference I that there had been any ulterior motive in the handling of the clearing house loan. Mr. Untermeyer disavowed any such imputation.