470. Real Estate Bank of the State (Little Rock, AR)

Bank Information

Episode Type
Suspension → Closure
Bank Type
state
Start Date
November 1, 1839
Location
Little Rock, Arkansas (34.746, -92.290)

Metadata

Model
gpt-5-mini
Short Digest
8d2966a6

Response Measures

None

Description

Contemporary reports state the Real Estate Bank (Little Rock) stopped payment / suspended payments in late 1839 (Nov 1, 1839) as part of wider banking distress. Articles describe mismanagement, hypothecation of State bonds, assignment/liquidation thereafter — indicating suspension followed by effective permanent closure/assignment rather than a mere run or later reopening. Cause classified as bank-specific adverse information (fraud/mismanagement and insolvency). Dates inferred from articles (Nov 1, 1839).

Events (2)

1. November 1, 1839 Suspension
Cause
Bank Specific Adverse Info
Cause Details
Bank stopped payment amid broader banking distress; articles cite mismanagement, hypothecation of state bonds and inability to redeem notes leading to suspension of payments on Nov. 1, 1839.
Newspaper Excerpt
The Real Estate Bank of Arkansas, at Little Rock and Arkansas, also stopped payment for the same reason.
Source
newspapers
2. January 1, 1840* Other
Newspaper Excerpt
less than one year the bank suspended payment, how in less than afterwards it made an assign and under how ment, managed of period thirteen The not stated. the details sufficient ... when the State the Real Estate liquidation Bank was made an assignment, rendered, that their assets be would them. interest These from the accounts sufficient they to redeem the whole of the bonds ... an assignment, rendered, that their assets be applied ... (reports 1840-1842). (OCR text paraphrase).
Source
newspapers

Newspaper Articles (4)

Article from Morning Herald, December 17, 1839

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Article Text

MONEY MARKE T. Monday, Dec. 16-6 P.M. The stock market today presented a further depression. A great disposition to sell was manifest, at a decline from S2turday's rates. United States Bank receded 1 per cent. Delaware and Hudson, 1 per cent.; Ohio Life and Trust, 1 per cent.; North American Trust and Bauk, 1 per cent.; Mohawk, 1 per cent.; Bank of Commerce improved 1 per cent. Sales of about $15,000 dollars of Philadelphia drafis were made at7) per cent., an advance OD the rate of discount current on Saturday. The custom house returns show an export of spe. cie, by the Liverpool, of $1,104,443; but large amounts We re shipped, of which the Custom House has no cognizance. The feeling generally was less bnoyant than has been evinced since the arrival of the Liverpeol. We had occasion to mention, a few days since, a concern started in this city, under the new law, called the Clinton Bank. This association professed to receive from its customers, on deposit, the bills of certain of the new banks in the interior of this state; among others, those of the Farmers' Bank, of Seneea County. This was palpably a humbug, and we said so. It now turns out that this bank has issued post notes, which have matured, and have been protested in due course. It appears that about $40,000 of these post notes were sent to Indiana, and exchanged for the bills of two of the branches of the bank of that state. These bills were then used for the purchase of produce, but the post notes were protested by the banks in whose hands they matured. They might as well send their on, auc deposit them with the Clinton Bank at par, as that institution still adverfises to receive them. Statement of the BANK OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS and Branches, on the 1st November, 1839, as compared with November 1st, 1838. Increase. Decrease. Nov. 1839. Nov. 1838. 780,980 1,544 617 763,737 Loans, 50,722 265,323 316.045 Specie, 160,465 301,310 461,775 Circulation, 45,406 179,775 134,369 Deposites, This institution and branches ceased to redeem its notes on the 1st November, on the plea of expediency. The Real Estate Bank of Arkansas, at Little Rock and Arkansas, also stopped payment for the same reason. We have received from New Orleans the monthly statement of the Banks of that city, which, as compared with that of the 21st October, the time of suspension, is as follows: A Statement of the BANK OF NEW ORLEANS, on the 2d Dec. 1839, as compared with the returns of the 21.1 Oct. 1839. DEC. 2d. 1839. Oct.21. 1839.


Article from The True Democrat, May 12, 1857

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of the Real Estate Bank. (TO THE SENATE.) Mr. President: The joint committee on banks respectfully beg leave to submit the following report on the affairs of the Real Estate Bank: On the 12th of September, 1836, the first General Assembly of the State of Arkansas began its session at Little Rock, and the first act it passed, being that to establish the Real Es late Bank, was approved by the Governor on the 26th of October, following This bank was to be of a peculiar constitu tion. It was to lend money; but the stockhold ers were not to pay in money. Instead there then of ha which of, they were to give mortgages on been lands, brought bu small into cultivation, portions and on this security the State was to issue bonds to the amount of two mil lions dollars. These bonds were to sold and thus the necessary money was to be procured Each stockholder was to be entitled to loan equal to one half the appraised value of his lands, which loan was to be repayable in twen tv years in instalments of five per cent a year There were to be no annual dividends but to stead thereof the profits of each year were be added to the capital of the bank. When the charter expired prorata dividend was to be made among the stockholders of all the accumulated profits. The benefits of the bank were not to be restricted to stockholders Non-stockholder: were to be allowed loans on mortgage repayable a in ten years in instalments of ten per cent. year. The State also was to share in the advantages of the institution. The bank was to pay it an annual bonus of five thousand dollars a year for ten years, in all fifty thousand dollars, and besides this, to lend it at five per cent. per annum, fifty thousand dollars year for te: years in succession, in all five hundred thou sand dollars. This bank was to quicken industry in all its departments, especially agricultural industry, supply capital to every body, to furnish the people with sound circulating medium, to raise the value of land, and cause the desert to bud and blossom as the rose. All this be done by coining the wild lands of Arkansas into money, which miracle was to be wrought in the manner above described, by private indi- the viduals mortgaging their estates and by State issuing its bends. A million of dollars of actual capital borrowed from abroad, was be made to perform the function of four mil- is lions through the banking privilege of suing three for one." In this way were the dwellers in Arkansas to be enriched much rapidly than they could be by the old-fashion ed process of industry and economy (See port of Mr. Ringgold from banking committee Senate journal, October 4th, 1845. See report of Mr. Wilson, first president of the R E-tate Bank, House journal, Nov. 30th, 1837 and report of Mr. Davies, the second preside for of the bank Appendix to House journal 1838, pages 1.5.) For fear foreigners" should share in the inestimable blessings the bank was to bestow, bers was express provided that none but the to of Arkansas after the though four years make transfers of the stock to owner of Arkansas lands, even though he might not be resident of the State managed Matters have been so that but few of even the the benefits The about favoritcomplaints from the bank. Mr. sm distribution of the stock Izard day, strong, d resolution, the pream act which declared incorporating bank proved to be and was unfair just, equal, at the few its the nature pense from of the many. (See Senate Nov. 13th, 1837.) Whatever the cause have been though there were, according to the without including 1838 of Miller and 11,567 white men the years State and 11,420 white women of the wards, sixteen and upwards, vet only 282 of these men, and of women became ers to stock of the bank. For the the of these labor, and capital of 22,703, and not only their labor capital, but the labor and capital of all who have since become citi r residents of the State, for State bond itv. ortgage the wealth of the whole commuWhat difficulties contrivers of this scheme had in selling the bonds, how they ally posed of them, how less than one year the bank suspended payment, how in less than afterwards it made an assign and under how ment, managed of period thirteen The not stated. the details sufficient of in their G the by to There we which all the difficulty attention, existed in ascertaini he bank. After operation, irst Nov. 20th. 1840. and he 3d of December following, Mr Little to nitted the House That resolution, legislature deem report of the president bank the most illigable (See House journal, Dec. This was not 1840.) adopted, the judiciary committhat of ee, the charter the Real had they Estate come to that the had not the but or its branches, simply at the of each session, require the officers of said institution to the Assembly full and correct tatement of condition. (See House jour al. Dec. 10. 1840.) That there were reasons sufficient for Mr Little's resolution, afterward became fully nauifest. At the next sessio: of the General Assembly, overnor Yell, in his message them used the following language: We are in the midst of a great revolution n the subject of banking. The developments laring and startling, of the demoralizing and uinous consequences of the present system demand at your hand a radical reform. l'he examination of the branches of the State bank and the elopments in relation to the hypothecation' by the Real Estate Bank of a million of bonds, have fully demonstrate d that all the exhibitions of figures setting forth the condition of banks by their reports, give o reliable information of their true circum stances, but are too often calculated to mislead and deceive. The condition of the Favette ille branch fully confirms this im And the report of the Real Estate Bank to the ast legislature is conclusive, when they report hat the tive hundred State bonds are on hand and unsold," hereas subsequent facts have demonstrated that they had Teen by pothecated with the N. A. Trust and Banking Company fear three months previous, for the nomina by um of about $125,000 without sanction aw, and in express violation of charter. (Ser age of appendix to House journal for 1842 and 43) The bonds were pothecated September 1840, but the fact did not leak out


Article from Arkansas True Democrat, January 26, 1858

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From the Boston Post. Sub-Treasury System and the Public The Debt of Arkansas. To the Editor of the Boston Post. Bullionist,' SIR-Your 119 of your correspondent journal, ascribes to me merit No. than can justly as the claim. suggester of the subAnd treasury may system, be regarded but am not must its author. acknowledge myself for the indebted primary suggestion to the framers of the United States constitution. in 1833 published a United History States," of PaEarly and Banking in the into the per which Money was prefixed An The Inquiry plan of the work made to Principles of the necessary System." take survey of of state the league regarded whole ground. As than United States bank, banks as worse even urge the adoption could dono otherwise than and which the still believe, of I the plan which framers then of believed, the constitution had in in view. latter part of 1834 became My position clerk the In the U.S. treasury free intercourse department. with Presiof enabled me to and have Van Buren, with members the memdents Jackson cabinets, and with the bad, bers of their all the reasons could urge, Pet Congress But little effect, till the except with exploded few, in 1837. Being after pre Bank" for system that event, had, pamphlet in ten days ready for the press, and Bank State. pared the fact was entitled ascertained, 'An Inquiry into the That Prono had priety pamphlet of Separating was repub lished in some other of the effect, lead- it ing journals, and, great deal of abuse from and the of friends brought of on both the United States bank the state sub-treasury banks. act of July assisted 4, 1840, there- was The by the Hon Silas Wright, Buren. always framed by President Van in, perhaps, defectiv in its details regarded sub as very treasury act of August 6. before 1846, I Into and the fellow clerk, succeeded when brought introducing that some committee amendments, of Congres but by no means all were desirable. any merit in having for nearly good re- 30 If there in evil report and through and years, conteded through for the separation not of the bank author port, that merit; but I am for nearly state, have system. say editor of the sub- treasury From 1821 1823 was 1823 to thirty United years. States Gazette, Gazette. and from In both of the of the Philadelphia opportunity 1831 journals supported, afterwards so far set forth in allowed, those the principles and Inquiry. At least columns as early the History took stand in the editorial favor of the of as 1830 the Philadelphia Gazette state. in did not stand separation was of bank supported and therein Clement by my C. friends, BidOf ers. alone. George Emlen, Ronaldson, Condy Roberts Raguet, Vaux, and men othdle, James that original band of sub-treasury I alone now left. correspondent gives labors me more In credit like manner than your am entitled to for my Arkansas. to faithfully the affairs disentangle I in It is true that have of the labored Real Estate Bank found Rock Little But when Gould, arrived Wm. R. Miller, esq., the pre- the Judge J. state, John H. Crease, N. Peay, treasurer by sent auditor of of the state, Gordon the court of present the receiver appointed assistant, the late John esq., chancery, and his able engaged in this duty William Newton esq., could remain without in this position Judge Gould found that suffering in his private It afterwards required resigned. the gentlemen affairs, united he soon efforts of myself associated, and the to bring with whom accounts remained of bank and four branches, years. order the through period of nineteen not yet disextend of the State Bank are effort to entangled. in duty, that The affairs I am now engaged in an with A. H. conjunction of the state, treasurer Rutherford, preform esq., the late the financial receiver the Hugh G. Wilson, and J. esq., W. McConaughey, esq., the bank, attorney and land agent. of Arkansas, and state The solid treasury system circulation of all notes the act prohibiting denomination the than five dollars, The merit were less before entered the state. of the state of these authorities, adopted belongs solely to the people and, among and their constituted to Governor E. N. Con- asand way, the latter, the especially last two or three legislative her The have semblies. notion that Arkansas had has its repudated origin in public debt, appears of transaction between Trust the misconception North American Banking Company Estate Bank and the In Sept. 1840, the officers legal any having so the of the to do, bank, pledged without 500 of the Trust bonds and of the Banking Company The for $1000 for each, with $250,000, Trust of which and obtained only $121,336. breach of faith, London. passed ing Company James Holford, of which comthese bonds to of the legislature, At the 1840, these bonds being repre- on menced in Nov., of the bank as sented, in the report trace on the records of eithe There is this surreptitious till ceeding July, of bank the held hand the bank or the state, 1841. of In November of that meetyear stockholders thed that would ing, which they that had thus beet improperly ad disposed the pay mitted obligation pay the bonds of, while they, the the money same time that these been borrowed actually interest bonds bonds. and the the holders of the hy othecated validity applied to In 1841 Governor have To admit their any other strict the knowledged He replied of the state grant involve than by the charter might contract that the of ed payment of any illegal the the of the banks and inflict. the stockjobbers rapacity might think proper legislature in Nov he (and none In his said-" message However to much the people are more of sustain she claims, 1842, Arkansas may her be disposed faith and credit in the would paya ment so) of all just unworthy and legal of the aracter of nevertheless if she tolerated for mome frauduthe idea of paying sovereign state, for bonds illegally and lently disposed the of. obligation to pay disposed bonds that of If denying and fraudulently Arkansas were illegally thus far the people have of carefulbe repudiation, but no further house and the the and which are ly examined repudiators the other journals public of the documents, and of senate, cannot find them repudiating one word any other of the the bonds ces the issued idea by the state. has On had since 1840, governor Arkansas acknowledged the every has in the fullest manner debt, and dark though the times did the same. obligation were to pay 1848, the the legislature, by joint banks. resolution, were issued for the benefit Bank of the in and passed, All the When bonds the act to put the when State the Real Estate liquidation Bank was made an assignment, rendered, that their assets be would them. interest These from the accounts sufficient they to redeem the whole of the bonds vielded and the much less than was have originally been and them, sets expected, have but considerable sums still hoped that the will ultimately to redeem enough assets alized of from the Real Estate all Bank the bonds issued of the bonds yield its benefit, leaving only of the part State Bank to be sued for the provided benefit for. As all the bonds the people were otherwise the benefit of the banks, of the banks issued Arkansas for insist that the and assets so far as they will shall, of be in applied the first to place, the payment of the public 1530 debt. go, For the benefit of the Real and Estate bearing Bank, six per cent. interest, bonds for 1000 were dollars issned each, and fairly disposed


Article from The Russellville Democrat, March 23, 1876

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first The the REAL ESTATE session of was the after state lature the was tea held into Union It of the the fall 1836. convened of 12th this When September the whole assembled of legislature less debt than it Before $9000. adjourned, the acts State involve passed in of the debt 3,000, in 000 which capital be to for the estabof On the banks. of the 26th legislature and (Jaines Octoberrovernor an act for Conway, the the of Es Real of tate with Bank Arkansas, of The princapital $2,000,000. to was bank office with Rock, Little established at Washington, in county, Columbia, Hempstead in at and Chicot Helena, in The capital county. Phillips to be was divided between the four banks. agreed to issue thousand one dollar bonds, thousand six and interest, bearing to to the loan bank commence In of business in the the this, bank to real estate secare mortgaged the by loss, state valued against of sum $2,603. appraisers 000. There acres 127,500 at was land which valued about a $48 per good price. On of the 1838, February, the act an suppasssd to the legislature creating the above banks, of authorizing another tablishment of Van and the Buren, issuance in its for bonds capital. or The this branch of $500,Stockholders land acres at were whieh valued to the state. In the main 1838, at Rock bank Little succeeded of at 1530 bonds to 500 of the States, United Treasur burchased of for and held them in them Smithsonian are bonds Institute. the with by held to paid interest the with time, present exception of been such have amounts the due by tained on of the five state the sale fund from cent. arising of the One thous public and by were bonds D. of New Beers, purchased Joseph M. by and JohnRichard thirty of The Real Bank Estate at Little on of the Rock December, in less and than 1838, month to and loans made discounts of The Helamount was ena office opened February the March 15th, 1829, Columbia the 5th and Washingfollowing, of 1st on the By their ton, April. the and loans action combined of the bank by were, discounts of to 29th the made May, amount the by 31st and bank at of to October 1839, to the principal specie payments, the by tated therein Little Rock and suspended was quickly branches. imithe Wm. Hon. Miller, presM. ent and Wm. Gouge, who were by Governor auditor pointed in to 1855, Conway, investigate at the the that bank affairs to the gov comment time, in 111 of specie